Generasi Instant-Answer: Bagaimana Dampak Etika AI terhadap Anak Sekolah Menengah Atas?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24036/nara.v5i3.448Keywords:
Artificial Intelligence, Critical Thinking, Etika AI, Integritas AkademikAbstract
Penelitian ini menganalisis ambivalensi integrasi Artificial Intelligence (AI) dalam pendidikan menengah melalui tinjauan literatur sistematis. Tujuan penelitian adalah memetakan dampak AI terhadap perkembangan kognitif dan moral remaja serta merumuskan strategi literasi etis yang solutif. Menggunakan kerangka Teori Perkembangan Kognitif Jean Piaget dan Teori Perkembangan Moral Lawrence Kohlberg, penelitian ini mengidentifikasi bahwa meskipun AI berpotensi meningkatkan motivasi dan efisiensi belajar, ketergantungan pada jawaban instan memicu risiko degradasi nalar kritis dan pergeseran modus ketidakjujuran akademik yang sistemik. Analisis dialektis terhadap literatur terkini menunjukkan adanya ketegangan antara efisiensi instruksional dan perlunya ruang refleksi intelektual yang otentik. Hasil temuan menegaskan bahwa efisiensi teknis tanpa penguatan agensi kognitif dan stimulasi emosi moral justru kontraproduktif terhadap perkembangan siswa. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan transisi paradigma pendidikan dari restriksi akses menuju kurikulum literasi etis berbasis agensi kognitif. Integrasi pendekatan holistik yang menyinergikan pengembangan nalar logis dan pematangan karakter sangat diperlukan untuk menjaga esensi pendidikan di era disrupsi, sehingga teknologi berfungsi sebagai perancah kognitif yang memperkuat integritas akademik, bukan menjadi substitusi yang melemahkan karakter generasi muda.
References
Abbas, M., Jam, F. A., & Khan, T. I. (2024). Is it harmful or helpful? Examining the causes and consequences of generative AI usage among university students. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 21(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-024-00444-7
Adriansyah, F., Aditya, M., Supriady, M. A., & Ramadhan, W. (2024). Kecerdasan Buatan: Plagiarisme Dan Perilaku Mandiri Siswa Sekolah Menengah Atas Dalam Penggunaan Chatgpt. Jurnal Teknologi Komputer Dan Informatika, 2(2), 201–209.
Ali, M. K., Ali, A. M., Ali, F. F., & Ali, R. I. (2025). Peningkatan Kualitas Pembelajaran Siswa SMA Sederajat Menggunakan Media Pembelajaran Berbasis Teknologi Kecerdasan Buatan. Cognoscere: Jurnal Komunikasi Dan Media Pendidikan, 3(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.61292/cognoscere.252
Aulia, H. M. Z., Sholiha, E. Z., & Setyawan, A. (2025). Dampak Negatif Ketergantungan Berlebihan pada Artificial Intelligence (AI) terhadap Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis dan Pemecahan Masalah Siswa Sekolah Menengah. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, Ekonomi Dan Pendidikan, 1(2), 31–44.
Azzahra, D. U., & Purmadi, A. (2025). Tingkat Penerimaan dan Persepsi Siswa Sekolah Menengah Atas ( SMA ) terhadap ChatGPT sebagai Media Pendukung Pembelajaran. 1.
Bai, H., Lui, W. C., & Khiatani, P. V. (2025). Promoting student engagement with GPTutor: An intelligent tutoring system powered by generative AI. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 22(1), 77. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-025-00571-9
Bajovic, M., & Rizzo, K. (2021). Meta-moral cognition: bridging the gap among adolescents’ moral thinking, moral emotions and moral actions. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 26(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2020.1867206
Bastani, H., Bastani, O., Sungu, A., Ge, H., Kabakcı, Ö., & Mariman, R. (2025). Generative AI without guardrails can harm learning: Evidence from high school mathematics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 122(26). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2422633122
Biagini, G. (2025). Towards an AI-Literate Future: A Systematic Literature Review Exploring Education, Ethics, and Applications. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 35(4), 2616–2666. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-025-00466-w
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Burriss, S. K., Hutchins, N., Conley, Z., Deweese, M. M., Doe, Y. J., Eeds, A., Villanueva, A., Ziegler, H., & Oliver, K. (2024). Computers and Education : Artificial Intelligence Redesigning an AI bill of rights with / for young people : Principles for exploring AI ethics with middle and high school students. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 7(September 2023), 100317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100317
Cerovac, M., & Keane, T. (2025). Early insights into Piaget’s cognitive development model through the lens of the Technologies curriculum. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 35(1), 61–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-024-09906-5
Chee, H., Ahn, S., & Lee, J. (2025). A Competency Framework for AI Literacy: Variations by Different Learner Groups and an Implied Learning Pathway. British Journal of Educational Technology, 56(5), 2146–2182. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13556
Chen, R., Lee, V. R., Kuo, A. C., Pope, D. C., & Miles, S. (2026). Cheating in the second year of generative AI chatbots: a follow-up study on high school student cheating behaviors. Educational Technology Research and Development, 74(2), 639–667. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-026-10587-1
Eaton, C., Belmonte, I., Enaya, T., Flood, S., Khalil, Z., Makwanda, A., Shah, M. M. A., Toma, A., Wang, T., & Yu, C. (2026). Where We’re At, What We Must Know, and Where We Can Go: A Systematic Review of Research about Writing and Artificial Intelligence. Discourse and Writing/Rédactologie, 35, 89–113. https://doi.org/10.31468/dwr.1167
Gouseti, A., James, F., Fallin, L., & Burden, K. (2025). The ethics of using AI in K-12 education: a systematic literature review. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 34(2), 161–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/1475939X.2024.2428601
Hakimi, L., Eynon, R., & Murphy, V. A. (2021). The Ethics of Using Digital Trace Data in Education: A Thematic Review of the Research Landscape. Review of Educational Research, 91(5), 671–717. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543211020116
Harrison, T., & Polizzi, G. (2022). (In)civility and adolescents’ moral decision making online: drawing on moral theory to advance digital citizenship education. Education and Information Technologies, 27(3), 3277–3297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10710-0
Kerubo, J., & Oliver, M. (2025). Revising academic cultures to improve integrity in Kenyan universities. Educational Review, 77(7), 2181–2201. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2024.2402802
Kohlberg, L. (1981). The philosophy of moral development: Moral stages and the idea of justice.
Lambert, J., & Stevens, M. (2024). ChatGPT and Generative AI Technology: A Mixed Bag of Concerns and New Opportunities. Computers in the Schools, 41(4), 559–583. https://doi.org/10.1080/07380569.2023.2256710
Lee, V. R., Pope, D., Miles, S., & Zárate, R. C. (2024). Cheating in the age of generative AI: A high school survey study of cheating behaviors before and after the release of ChatGPT. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 7(January), 100253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100253
Lim, L., & Chapman, E. (2022). Development and Preliminary Validation of the Moral Reasoning Questionnaire for Secondary School Students. Sage Open, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221085271
Malti, T., Galarneau, E., & Peplak, J. (2021). Moral Development in Adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 31(4), 1097–1113. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12639
Mouta, A., Pinto-Llorente, A. M., & Torrecilla-Sánchez, E. M. (2024). Uncovering Blind Spots in Education Ethics: Insights from a Systematic Literature Review on Artificial Intelligence in Education. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 34(3), 1166–1205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-023-00384-9
Nguyen, H. M., & Goto, D. (2024). Unmasking academic cheating behavior in the artificial intelligence era: Evidence from Vietnamese undergraduates. Education and Information Technologies. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-024-12495-4
O’Toole, K., & Horvát, E.-Á. (2024). Extending human creativity with AI. Journal of Creativity, 34(2), 100080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yjoc.2024.100080
Ok, G., Kaya, D., & Kutluca, T. (2025). Artificial Intelligence for a Sustainable Future in the 21st Century: Impacts and Reflections on Education. Discourse and Communication for Sustainable Education, 16(1), 109–136. https://doi.org/10.2478/dcse-2025-0009
Piaget, J. (2005). The psychology of intelligence. Routledge.
Rahman, A., Humayah, & Tsany Khalisha Khairiyah. (2025). Implementasi Platform AI untuk Personalisasi Evaluasi Pembelajaran Siswa SMP di Era Digital. International Jurnal of Informatics, 1(1), 1–11. https://jurnal.untirta.ac.id/index.php/ijinf/article/view/34108
Redaksi TVRI News. (2024). Menkominfo: 87 Persen Pelajar Gunakan AI untuk Kerjakan Tugas. TVRI. https://nasional.tvrinews.com/berita/ttc1npe-menkominfo-87-persen-pelajar-gunakan-ai-untuk-kerjakan-tugas
Siregar, N., Manalu, D. M., Gulo, M., Rajagukguk, D., Naibaho, C., Psikologi, F., Hkbp, U., & Medan, N. (2026). Etika Penggunaan AI Sebagai Media Pembelajaran Untuk Meningkatkan Kreativitas Penggunaan Media Visual Berupa Poster Pada Siswa Menengah Atas. Jejak Digital: Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin, 2(1), 861–869. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.63822/371ap677
Sperling, K., Stenliden, L., Mannila, L., Hallström, J., Nordlöf, C., & Heintz, F. (2025). Perspectives on AI literacy in Middle School Classrooms: An Integrative Review. Postdigital Science and Education, 7(3), 719–749. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42438-025-00560-1
Susmita, N., Zaim, M., Thahar, H. E., & Wahyuni, S. (2024). Pemanfaatan Media Kecerdasan Buatan Dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia Tingkat Sekolah Menengah Atas: Perspektif Siswa. Visipena, 15(1), 80–95. https://doi.org/10.46244/visipena.v15i1.2688
Thompson, K. N., Chandler, K. L., Morgan, C., Khashabi, D., Delinski, E. A., & Van Durme, B. (2025). Artificial Intelligence as a Co-Tutor: Assessing the Impact in the Advanced Learning Virtual Classroom. Journal of Advanced Academics, 36(4), 714–745. https://doi.org/10.1177/1932202X251356323
Trikoili, A., Georgiou, D., Pappa, C. I., & Pittich, D. (2025). Critical Thinking Assessment in Higher Education: A Mixed-Methods Comparative Analysis of AI and Human Evaluator. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 41(24), 15570–15583. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2025.2499164
Ula, D., & Purmadi, A. (2025). Tingkat Penerimaan dan Persepsi Siswa Sekolah Menengah Atas (SMA) terhadap ChatGPT sebagai Media Pendukung Pembelajaran. Jurnal Diferensiasi: Jurnal Hasil Penelitian, Pengembangan Dan Kajian Kepustakaan Di Bidang Pendidikan, 1(3), 169–180.
Weatherly, K. leong C. H., & Weatherly, C. A. (2026). Friend or foe? Enhancing creativity in K-12 education through AI. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 59, 102030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2025.102030
Yin, J., Yuan, T., Zhang, Y., Yang, G., & Wang, X. (2026). The impact of university students’ AI attitudes on AI-assisted creativity: the mediating role of AI usage motivation and the moderating role of AI dependency. Frontiers in Psychology, 17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1735465
Živković-Rančić, Ž., & Todorović, J. (2022). Parenting styles as predictors of formal operational thinking in adolescents. Nastava i Vaspitanje, 71(2), 199–213. https://doi.org/10.5937/nasvas2202199Z
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Author
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
.png)
